Table of Contents
Justin L. Gardner, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Stanford University
co-Director, Neurosciences Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Stanford University
Address
Education
| 1989 - 1993 | BS, Computer Science, Yale University |
| 1996 - 2002 | PhD, Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and UCSF |
Research and Professional Experience
| 1996 - 2002 | Graduate Student, Lab of Stephen G. Lisberger, University of California, Berkeley and UCSF |
| 2002 - 2004 | Postdoctoral Fellow, Lab of Keiji Tanaka, RIKEN Brain Science Institute |
| 2004 - 2009 | Postdoctoral Fellow, Lab of David J. Heeger, New York University |
| 2009 - 2013 | Unit Leader (Assistant Professor equivalent), RIKEN Brain Science Institute |
| 2011 - 2014 | Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Tokyo, Department of Life Sciences |
| 2013 - 2015 | Team Leader (Assistant/Associate Professor equivalent), RIKEN Brain Science Institute |
| 2014 - 2021 | Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Stanford University |
| 2021 - present | Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Psychology, Stanford University |
| 2021 - present | co-Director, Neurosciences Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Stanford University |
Industry
| 1993 - 1994 | Member of Technical Staff, Epson Research and Development ASD Group, San Jose, CA |
| 1994 - 1996 | Programmer, Smoking Car Productions, San Francisco, CA |
Awards, Fellowships and Honors
| 1993 | Tau Beta Pi national engineering honor society |
| 1993 | BS in Computer Science awarded Cum Laude with Distinction in the major |
| 1996 - 1999 | National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship |
| 2001 - 2002 | Burroughs Wellcome Fund Fellowship in Quantitative Biology |
| 2002 - 2004 | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellow |
| 2004 - 2007 | NRSA from the National Eye Institute |
| 2006 - 2009 | Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences |
| 2015 - 2016 | Hellman Fellow |
| 2017 - 2020 | Research to Prevent Blindness / Lions Clubs International Foundation: Low Vision Research Award |
| 2018 - 2019 | John Philip Coghlan Fellowship |
Publications
Journal Articles
Gardner, J. L., Anzai, A., Ohzawa. I., and Freeman, R. D. (1999) Linear and nonlinear contributions to orientation tuning of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex Visual Neuroscience 16:1115-1121
Gardner, J. L., and Lisberger, S. G. (2001) Linked target selection for saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements The Journal of Neuroscience 21(6):2075-2084
Gardner, J. L., and Lisberger, S. G. (2002) Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements Nature Neuroscience 5:892-899
Churchland, A. K., Gardner, J. L., Chou, I. H., Priebe, N. J., and Lisberger, S. G. (2003) Directional anisotropies reveal a functional segregation of visual motion processing for perception and action Neuron 37:1001-1011
Gardner, J. L., Tokiyama, S., and Lisberger, S. G. (2004) A population decoding framework for motion aftereffects on smooth pursuit eye movements The Journal of Neuroscience 24:9035-9048
Gardner, J. L., Sun, P., Waggoner, R. A., Ueno K., Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2005) Contrast adaptation and representation in human early visual cortex Neuron 47:607-620
Sun, P., Ueno K., Waggoner, R. A., Gardner, J. L., Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2007) A temporal frequency-dependent functional architecture in human V1 revealed by high-resolution fMRI Nature Neuroscience 10:1404-1406
Gardner, J. L., Merriam, E. P., Movshon, J. A., and Heeger, D.J. (2008) Maps of visual space in human occipital cortex are retinotopic, not spatiotopic The Journal of Neuroscience 28:3988-3999
Dinstein, I., Gardner, J. L., Jazayeri, M., and Heeger, D.J. (2008) Executed and observed movements have different distributed representations in human aIPS The Journal of Neuroscience 28:11231-11239
Gardner, J. L. (2010) Is cortical vasculature functionally organized? Neuroimage 49:1953-6
Offen, S., Gardner, J. L., Schluppeck, D., and Heeger, D.J. (2010) Differential roles for frontal eye fields (FEFs) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in visual working memory and attention Journal of Vision 10:1-14
Liu, T., Hospadaruk, L., Zhu, D. C., and Gardner, J. L. (2011) Feature-specific attentional priority signals in human cortex The Journal of Neuroscience 31:4484-95
Pestilli, F., Carrasco, M., Heeger, D. J., and Gardner, J. L. (2011) Attentional enhancement via selection and pooling of early sensory responses in human visual cortex Neuron 72:832-46
Suzuki, S., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., Gardner, J. L., Ichinohe, N., Haruno, M., Cheng, K., and Nakahara H. (2012) Learning to simulate others' decisions Neuron 74:1125-37
Sun, P., Gardner, J. L., Costagli, M., Ueno, K., Waggoner, R. A., Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2013) Demonstration of tuning to stimulus orientation in the human visual cortex: A high-resolution fMRI study with a novel continuous and periodic stimulation paradigm Cerebral Cortex 23:1618-29
Merriam, E. P., Gardner, J. L., Movshon, J. A., and Heeger, D.J. (2013) Modulation of visual responses by gaze direction in human visual cortex The Journal of Neuroscience 33:9879-89
Costagli, M., Ueno, K., Sun, P., Gardner, J. L., Wan, X., Ricciardi, E., Pietrini, P., Tanaka, K., and Cheng, K. (2014) Functional signalers of changes in visual stimuli: Cortical responses to increments and decrements in motion coherence Cerebral Cortex 24:110-8
Hara, Y., Pestilli, F., and Gardner, J. L. (2014) Differing effects of attention in single-units and populations are well predicted by heterogeneous tuning and the normalization model of attention Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 8:12
Vintch, B., and Gardner, J. L. (2014) Cortical correlates of human motion perception biases The Journal of Neuroscience 34:2592-2604
Hara, Y., and Gardner, J. L. (2014) Encoding of graded changes in spatial specificity of prior cues in human visual cortex Journal of Neurophysiology 112:2834-49
Gardner, J. L. (2015) A case for human systems neuroscience Neuroscience 296:130-137
Birman, D., and Gardner, J. L. (2016) Parietal and prefrontal: categorical differences? Nature Neuroscience 19:5-7
Abrahamyan, A., Silva, L. L., Dakin, S. C., Carandini, M., and Gardner, J. L. (2016) Adaptable history biases in human perceptual decisions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.25:E3548-57
Liu, T., Cable, D., and Gardner, J. L. (2018) Inverted encoding models of human population response conflate noise and neural tuning width The Journal of Neuroscience 38(2):398-408
Laquitaine, S., and Gardner, J. L. (2018) A switching observer for human perceptual estimation Neuron 97(2):462-474
Dobs, K., Schultz, J., Bulthoff, I., and Gardner, J. L. (2018) Task-dependent enhancement of facial expression and identity representations in human cortex Neuroimage 10:689-702
Birman, D., and Gardner, J. L. (2018) A quantitative framework for motion visibility in human cortex Journal of Neurophysiology 120(4):1824-1839
Gardner, J. L. (2019) Optimality and heuristics in perceptual neuroscience Nature Neuroscience 22:514-523
Gardner, J. L., and Liu, T. (2019) Inverted encoding models reconstruct an arbitrary model response, not the stimulus eNeuro 6:e0363-18.2019 1-11
Fukuda, H., Ma, N., Suzuki, S., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., Gardner, J. L., Ichinohe, N., Haruno, M., Cheng, K., and Nakahara, H. (2019) Computing social value conversion in the human brain The Journal of Neuroscience 39(26):5153-72
Birman, D., and Gardner, J. L. (2019) A flexible readout mechanism of human sensory representations Nature Communications 10:3500:
Riesen, G., Norcia, A.M., and Gardner, J. L. (2019) Humans perceive binocular rivalry and fusion in a tristable dynamic state The Journal of Neuroscience 39(43):8527-8537
Lin W-H, Gardner, J. L., and Wu, S-W (2020) Context effects on probability estimation PLoS Biology 18:e3000634
Lin, Y., Zhou, X., Naya, Y., Gardner, J. L., and Sun, P. (2021) Voxel-wise linearity analysis of increments and decrements in BOLD responses in human visual cortex using a contrast adaptation paradigm Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15:541314
Gardner, J. L., and Merriam, E.M. (2021) Population models, not analyses, of human neuroscience measurements Annual Review of Vision Science 7:1-31
Kong, N. C. L., Margalit, E., Gardner, J. L., and Norcia, A. M. (2022) Increasing neural network robustness improves match to macaque V1 eigenspectrum, spatial frequency preference and predictivity PLoS Computational Biology 18:e1009739
Jagadeesh, A. V., and Gardner, J. L. (2022) Texture-like representation of objects in human visual cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (17):e2115302119
Himmelberg, M. M., Gardner, J. L., and Winawer, J. (2022) What has vision science taught us about functional MRI? NeuroImage 261:119536
Patents
Tostevin, N. H., Moran, M. R., Gardner, J. L., Marrero, N. M., and Cook, R. A. (1997) Digital cartoon and animation process U.S. Patent Office 6061462
Teaching
| 2016 - current | Psych 50: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience, Instructor and course designer, Introductory Undergraduate (150-200 students), Stanford Psychology Department |
| 2014 - current | Psych 164: Brain Decoding, Instructor and course designer, Upper-level Undergraduate (15-30 students), Stanford Psychology Department |
| 2016 - current | NEPR 207: Neurosciences Cognitive Core, Co-instructor and course designer with Russ Poldrack, Graduate (10-20 students), Stanford Neurosciences PhD Program |
| 2017 - 2019 | Psych/NSUR 287: Brain Machine Interfaces: Science, Technology, and Application, Co-instructor with EJ Chichilnisky, Graduate (15-25 students), Stanford Psychology and Neurosurgery Departments |
| 2016 | Psych 263: Cognitive Neuroscience: Vision, Instructor and course designer, Graduate (10 students), Stanford Psychology Department |
| 2015, 2020 | Psych 202: Cognitive Neuroscience Core, Co-instructor with Sam McClure, Co-instructor with Brian Wandell, Graduate (28-40 students), Stanford Psychology Department |
Invited talks
| April 21, 2003 | The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. Invited seminar. San Francisco, CA |
| Sept 12, 2003 | Osaka University Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. Invited seminar. Osaka, Japan |
| Nov 28, 2003 | National Institute for Physiological Sciences Contrast adaptation and the BOLD signal in early human visual cortex. Symposium Talk. Okazaki, Japan |
| Feb 5, 2004 | Hokkaido University Horizontal shifts of contrast response curves after contrast adaptation in human visual cortex. Invited seminar. Sapporo Japan |
| Jan 4, 2005 | Columbia University Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. Invited seminar. New York, NY |
| Oct 6, 2005 | The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute Contrast adaptation and representation in human early visual cortex. Invited seminar. San Francisco, CA |
| Mar 9, 2006 | Cosyne 2006 Postconference Workshop High spatial resolution imaging to determine the dependence on spatial scale of classifier performance. Post Conference Workshop. The Canyons, Utah |
| Mar 28, 2006 | Yale University Magnetic Resonance Research Center Contrast adaptation and a functional baseline for BOLD activity in human early visual cortex. Invited Seminar. New Haven, CT |
| Oct 26, 2008 | Fall Vision Meeting Inferring population responses in human visual cortex with classification analysis. Invited talk. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY |
| May 24, 2010 | Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science Linking human visual perception to brain activity measured with fMRI. Invited talk. Incheon, Korea |
| Sept 27, 2010 | ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories Attentional enhancement of perceptual decision making through selection and pooling of early sensory responses in human visual cortex. Invited talk. Keihanna Science City, Kyoto |
| Oct 21, 2010 | Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Attentional enhancement via selection and pooling of human visual cortical responses. Invited talk. Seoul, Korea |
| Nov 26, 2010 | Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University The role of selection and pooling of human visual cortical responses in attentional enhancement. Invited talk. Osaka, Japan |
| Jan 19, 2011 | Vision Society of Japan Meeting Quantitatively using measured human cortical responses to account for improved contrast discrimination performance with attention. Invited talk. Tokyo |
| Mar 8, 2011 | Kyoto University Representation of a prior for slow speeds in human visual cortex. Symposium talk. International Workshop on Visual Motion Perception and its Brain Mechanism, Kyoto, Japan |
| June 14, 2011 | Nottingham University Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. Invited Talk. Nottingham, UK |
| June 15, 2011 | Newcastle University Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. Invited Talk. Newcastle, UK |
| June 16, 2011 | Royal Holloway, University of London Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. Invited Talk. Egham, Surrey, UK |
| Dec 2, 2011 | 文部科学省 (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) 「効率的選択」で脳は注意を向け集中を高める. Press lecture. Tokyo, Japan |
| Feb 1, 2012 | Osaka University Statistical decision making in understanding human visual perceptual inferences. Invited Talk. International Symposium on the Dynamics of Biosystems and Large Scale Information Systems, Osaka, Japan |
| June 15, 2012 | Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Biases in speed perception are encoded in human early visual cortex. Invited talk. Expanding Horizon of MRI in Neuroscience: SNU Brain Imaging Center Opening Symposium, Seoul, Korea |
| Oct 18, 2012 | Emory University Spatial priors enhance behavioral performance through efficient selection of visual cortical signals. Invited talk. Atlanta, GA |
| Oct 19, 2012 | Harvard University Human imaging of visual priors. Symposium talk. Cambridge, MA |
| Dec 10, 2012 | University of California, Berkeley Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. Invited talk. Berkeley, CA |
| Dec 11, 2012 | UCSF Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. Invited talk. San Francisco, CA |
| Dec 13, 2012 | Stanford University Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. Invited talk. Stanford, CA |
| Jan 15, 2013 | Salk Institute Human cortical mechanisms which improve perception with prior information. Invited talk. San Diego, CA |
| Mar 13, 2013 | Stanford University Efficient selection of visual information. Colloquium talk. Stanford, CA |
| May, 2013 | University of Tokyo Human cortical mechanisms which improve perception with prior information. Invited talk. Tokyo, Japan |
| July, 2013 | Taiwan Mind and Brain Imaging Center, National Cheng-Chi University Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. Invited symposium and workshop talks. Taipei, Taiwan |
| Nov 29, 2013 | 応用脳科学コンソーシアム, CAN: Consortium for Applied Neuroscience 事前情報と視覚. Invited seminar. Tokyo, Japan |
| Jan 17, 2014 | 応用脳科学コンソーシアム, CAN: Consortium for Applied Neuroscience 視覚注意について. CAN Academy, Invited lecture. Tokyo, Japan |
| Mar 9, 2014 | Systems Neurobiology Spring School Neural mechanisms for perceptual enhancement with spatial attention. Invited lecture. Kyoto, Japan |
| Jun 25, 2014 | Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience Efficient selection of sensory signals for attention. Invited lecture. Santa Barbara, CA |
| Mar 3, 2015 | International Symposium on Neural Mechanisms of Vision and Cognition From contrast adaptation to efficient selection. Invited talk. CiNet, Osaka, Japan |
| May 15, 2015 | Vision Science Society 15th Annual Meeting Linking brain activity to visual attentional behavior considering multiple spatial-scales of measurement. Symposium talk. St. Pete Beach, FL |
| April 28, 2016 | Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, Boston University Efficient selection of visual information in human visual cortex. Invited talk. Boston, MA |
| June 30, 2017 | Qufu Vision Science Conference Contrast adaptation in human visual cortex. Symposium talk. Qufu, China |
| July 4, 2017 | Tsinghua University Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. Invited talk. Beijing, China |
| July 19, 2017 | RIKEN Brain Science Institute Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. Symposium talk. Wako, Japan |
| July 20, 2017 | Japan Neuroscience Society Meeting Testing linking hypotheses for human visual perception. Symposium talk. Chiba, Japan |
| Aug 28, 2017 | European Conference on Visual Perception Asymmetric adaptability of choice history biases in human perceptual decisions. Unraveling sequential dependencies in perceptual choice, Symposium talk. Berlin, Germany |
| Sept 7, 2017 | Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. Invited talk. Nijmegen, Netherlands |
| Nov 23, 2017 | National Yang Ming University Inverted encoding models of human population response conflate noise and neural tuning width. Invited talk. Taipei, Taiwan |
| May 4, 2018 | BrainHack Global Reverse-hacking the brain: Inferring neural coding properties from population measurements. Invited speaker. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN |
| July 17, 2018 | CNS*2018 Workshop on Methods of Information Theory in Computational Neuroscience Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. Invited talk. Allen Institute, Seattle, WA |
| Aug 17, 2018 | 2018 IEEE EMBS International Summer School Inferring neural coding properties using inverted-encoding models of population response. Invited speaker. Beijing, China |
| Aug 18, 2018 | 1st Tsinghua Social Neuroscience Symposium Sensory inference through heuristic solution. Invited speaker. Beijing, China |
| Aug 19, 2018 | Beijing Normal University Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. Invited talk. Beijing, China |
| Aug 20, 2018 | Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. Invited talk. Beijing, China |
| April 19, 2019 | From Neural Activity to Behavior: Computation Modeling of the Nervous System Meeting Linking models for human systems neuroscience. Symposium talk. NIMH, Bethesda, MD |
| May 17, 2019 | Vision Science Society Annual Meeting Inverted encoding models reconstruct the model response, not the stimulus. Symposium talk. St. Pete Beach, FL |
| July 4, 2019 | Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience How to use (and how not to use) inverted encoding models. Lab session with Tommy Sprague. Santa Barbara, CA |
| Aug 2, 2019 | Locating Representations in the Brain with Neuroimaging Technologies Gauging brain representation by quantitatively linking to behavior. Workshop Talk. Stanford University |
| Sept 25, 2019 | Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Seminar Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. Invited Talk. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf |
| Postponed | Vision Science Society Annual Meeting Using neuroimaging to link cortical activity to human visual perception. Symposium talk. St. Pete Beach, FL |
| Cancelled | Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. Flexible Mechanisms for Learning, Memory, and Attention, Symposium co-chair and talk. Chicago, IL |
| Postponed | Bangalore Cognition Workshop 2020 Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. Workshop talk. Bangalore, India |
| Postponed | Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Retreat Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. Invited Talk. Chaminade Resort and Spa, Santa Cruz, CA |
| Sept 24, 2020 | Bay Area Vision Research Day Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. Invited Talk. Berkeley, CA |
| Nov 14, 2020 | Young Investigators Review Optimality and heursitics for visual perception. Keynote. Stony Brook University |
| May 21, 2021 | What has the past 20 years of neuroimaging taught us about human vision and where do we go from here? Using neuroimaging to link cortical activity to human visual perception. Symposium Talk. Vision Science Society |
| Nov 9, 2021 | Human ventral temporal cortex as a texture basis set for object recognition. Oxyopia Talk. University of California, Berkeley |
Conference Session Organizing
| Mar 4, 2008 | What can functional imaging tell us about population coding in sensory systems?: Bridging computation, single neurons and imaging, Organizers: Gardner, J. L., Huk, A. and Schluppeck, D. Cosyne Workshops, Snowbird, Utah |
| Mar 3, 2009 | Common computational principles of attention and decision making: can they account for unexpected observations in parietal cortex?, Organizers: Churchland, A. K., Ditterich, J. and Gardner, J. L. Cosyne Workshops, Snowbird, Utah |
| Mar 5, 2013 | Priors in perception, decision-making and physiology, Organizers: Gardner, J. L. and Nienborg, H. Cosyne Workshops, Snowbird, Utah |
| May 15, 2015 | Linking behavior to different measures of cortical activity, Organizers: Gardner, J. L., Serences, J. and Pestilli, F. Vision Science Society Workshops, St. Pete beach, FL |
Service to Professional Organizations
| Ad hoc Manuscript Review: | Cerebral Cortex, Vision Research, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Neuron, Neuroimage, Nature Neuroscience, Nature, Journal of Vision, The Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Neurophysiology |
| Ad hoc Grant Review: | Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Wellcome Trust, Human Frontiers Research Grants |
Specialized Training
| 1997 | NSF Summer Institute in Japan Fellow, Lab of Manabu Tanifuji, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan |
| 1998 + 2000 | Student and Teaching Assistant, Computational Neuroscience: Vision, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY |
Document last updated: September 05, 2022