====== Justin L. Gardner, PhD ======
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Stanford University\\
====== Address ======
Department of Psychology, Stanford University\\
450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
{{:shared:jlge.png?nolink|}}
[[http://justingardner.net/justin/pictures/|personal website]]
====== Education ======
|//1989 - 1993//|BS, Computer Science, Yale University|
|//1996 - 2002 //|PhD, Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and UCSF|
====== Research and Professional Experience ======
|//1996 - 2002 //|Graduate Student, Lab of Stephen G. Lisberger, University of California, Berkeley and UCSF|
|//2002 - 2004//|Postdoctoral Fellow, Lab of Keiji Tanaka, RIKEN Brain Science Institute|
|//2004 - 2009//|Postdoctoral Fellow, Lab of David J. Heeger, New York University|
|//2009 - 2013//|Unit Leader (Assistant Professor equivalent), RIKEN Brain Science Institute|
|//2011 - 2014//|Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Tokyo, Department of Life Sciences|
|//2013 - 2015//|Team Leader (Assistant/Associate Professor equivalent), RIKEN Brain Science Institute|
|//2014 - present//|Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Stanford University|
====== Industry ======
|//1993 - 1994//|Member of Technical Staff, Epson Research and Development ASD Group, San Jose, CA|
|////|Worked on image processing and compression algorithms and implementation|
|////|Two research and development awards from Seiko-Epson|
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|//1994 - 1996//|Programmer, Smoking Car Productions, San Francisco, CA|
|////|Core programmer on The Last Express, an action-adventure game by Jordan Mechner, published by Broderbund and SoftBank.|
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====== Awards, Fellowships and Honors ======
|//1993//|Tau Beta Pi national engineering honor society|
|//1993//|BS in Computer Science awarded Cum Laude with Distinction in the major|
|//1996 - 1999//|National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship|
|//2001 - 2002//|Burroughs Wellcome Fund Fellowship in Quantitative Biology|
|//2002 - 2004//|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellow|
|//2004 - 2007//|NRSA from the National Eye Institute|
|//2006 - 2009//|Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences|
|//2015 - 2016//|Hellman Fellow|
|//2017 - 2020//|Research to Prevent Blindness / Lions Clubs International Foundation: Low Vision Research Award|
|//2018 - 2019//|John Philip Coghlan Fellowship|
====== Publications ======
==== Journal Articles ====
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, Anzai, A., Ohzawa. I., and Freeman, R. D. (1999) Linear and nonlinear contributions to orientation tuning of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex **//Visual Neuroscience //**16:1115-1121\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, and Lisberger, S. G. (2001) Linked target selection for saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**21(6):2075-2084\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, and Lisberger, S. G. (2002) Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements **//Nature Neuroscience //**5:892-899\\
Churchland, A. K., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Chou, I. H., Priebe, N. J., and Lisberger, S. G. (2003) Directional anisotropies reveal a functional segregation of visual motion processing for perception and action **//Neuron //**37:1001-1011\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, Tokiyama, S., and Lisberger, S. G. (2004) A population decoding framework for motion aftereffects on smooth pursuit eye movements **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**24:9035-9048\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, Sun, P., Waggoner, R. A., Ueno K., Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2005) Contrast adaptation and representation in human early visual cortex **//Neuron //**47:607-620\\
Sun, P., Ueno K., Waggoner, R. A., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2007) A temporal frequency-dependent functional architecture in human V1 revealed by high-resolution fMRI **//Nature Neuroscience //**10:1404-1406\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, Merriam, E. P., Movshon, J. A., and Heeger, D.J. (2008) Maps of visual space in human occipital cortex are retinotopic, not spatiotopic **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**28:3988-3999\\
Dinstein, I., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Jazayeri, M., and Heeger, D.J. (2008) Executed and observed movements have different distributed representations in human aIPS **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**28:11231-11239\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__** (2010) Is cortical vasculature functionally organized? **//Neuroimage //**49:1953-6\\
Offen, S., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Schluppeck, D., and Heeger, D.J. (2010) Differential roles for frontal eye fields (FEFs) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in visual working memory and attention **//Journal of Vision //**10:1-14\\
Liu, T., Hospadaruk, L., Zhu, D. C., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2011) Feature-specific attentional priority signals in human cortex **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**31:4484-95\\
Pestilli, F., Carrasco, M., Heeger, D. J., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2011) Attentional enhancement via selection and pooling of early sensory responses in human visual cortex **//Neuron //**72:832-46\\
Suzuki, S., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Ichinohe, N., Haruno, M., Cheng, K., and Nakahara H. (2012) Learning to simulate others' decisions **//Neuron //**74:1125-37\\
Sun, P., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Costagli, M., Ueno, K., Waggoner, R. A., Tanaka, K., and Cheng K. (2013) Demonstration of tuning to stimulus orientation in the human visual cortex: A high-resolution fMRI study with a novel continuous and periodic stimulation paradigm **//Cerebral Cortex //**23:1618-29\\
Merriam, E. P., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Movshon, J. A., and Heeger, D.J. (2013) Modulation of visual responses by gaze direction in human visual cortex **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**33:9879-89\\
Costagli, M., Ueno, K., Sun, P., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Wan, X., Ricciardi, E., Pietrini, P., Tanaka, K., and Cheng, K. (2014) Functional signalers of changes in visual stimuli: Cortical responses to increments and decrements in motion coherence **//Cerebral Cortex //**24:110-8\\
Hara, Y., Pestilli, F., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2014) Differing effects of attention in single-units and populations are well predicted by heterogeneous tuning and the normalization model of attention **//Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience //**8:12\\
Vintch, B., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2014) Cortical correlates of human motion perception biases **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**34:2592-2604\\
Hara, Y., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2014) Encoding of graded changes in spatial specificity of prior cues in human visual cortex **//Journal of Neurophysiology //**112:2834-49\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__** (2015) A case for human systems neuroscience **//Neuroscience //**296:130-137\\
Birman, D., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2016) Parietal and prefrontal: categorical differences? **//Nature Neuroscience //**19:5-7\\
Abrahamyan, A., Silva, L. L., Dakin, S. C., Carandini, M., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2016) Adaptable history biases in human perceptual decisions **//Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences //**113.25:E3548-57\\
Liu, T., Cable, D., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2018) Inverted encoding models of human population response conflate noise and neural tuning width **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**38(2):398-408\\
Laquitaine, S., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2018) A switching observer for human perceptual estimation **//Neuron //**97(2):462-474\\
Dobs, K., Schultz, J., Bulthoff, I., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2018) Task-dependent enhancement of facial expression and identity representations in human cortex **//Neuroimage //**10:689-702\\
Birman, D., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2018) A quantitative framework for motion visibility in human cortex **//Journal of Neurophysiology //**120(4):1824-1839\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__** (2019) Optimality and heuristics in perceptual neuroscience **//Nature Neuroscience //**22:514-523\\
**__Gardner, J. L.__**, and Liu, T. (2019) Inverted encoding models reconstruct an arbitrary model response, not the stimulus **//eNeuro //**6:e0363-18.2019 1-11\\
Fukuda, H., Ma, N., Suzuki, S., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Ichinohe, N., Haruno, M., Cheng, K., and Nakahara, H. (2019) Computing social value conversion in the human brain **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**39(26):5153-72\\
Birman, D., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2019) A flexible readout mechanism of human sensory representations **//Nature Communications //**10:3500:\\
Riesen, G., Norcia, A.M., and **__Gardner, J. L.__** (2019) Humans perceive binocular rivalry and fusion in a tristable dynamic state **//The Journal of Neuroscience //**39(43):8527-8537\\
Lin W-H, **__Gardner, J. L.__**, and Wu, S-W (2020) Context effects on probability estimation **//PLoS Biology //**18:e3000634\\
==== Patents ====
Tostevin, N. H., Moran, M. R., **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Marrero, N. M., and Cook, R. A. (1997) Digital cartoon and animation process **//U.S. Patent Office //**6061462\\
====== Teaching ======
|//2016 - current//|**//Psych 50: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience//**, //Instructor and course designer//, Introductory Undergraduate (150-200 students), //Stanford Psychology Department//|
|//2014 - current//|**//Psych 164: Brain Decoding//**, //Instructor and course designer//, Upper-level Undergraduate (15-30 students), //Stanford Psychology Department//|
|//2016 - current//|**//NEPR 207: Neurosciences Cognitive Core//**, //Co-instructor and course designer with Russ Poldrack//, Graduate (10-20 students), //Stanford Neurosciences PhD Program//|
|//2017 - current//|**//Psych/NSUR 287: Brain Machine Interfaces: Science, Technology, and Application//**, //Co-instructor with EJ Chichilnisky//, Graduate (15-25 students), //Stanford Psychology and Neurosurgery Departments//|
|//2016//|**//Psych 263: Cognitive Neuroscience: Vision//**, //Instructor and course designer//, Graduate (10 students), //Stanford Psychology Department//|
|//2015//|**//Psych 202: Cognitive Neuroscience Core//**, //Co-instructor with Sam McClure//, Graduate (28 students), //Stanford Psychology Department//|
====== Invited talks ======
|//April 21, 2003//|**//The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute//** Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. //Invited seminar//. San Francisco, CA|
|//Sept 12, 2003//|**//Osaka University//** Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. //Invited seminar//. Osaka, Japan|
|//Nov 28, 2003//|**//National Institute for Physiological Sciences//** Contrast adaptation and the BOLD signal in early human visual cortex. //Symposium Talk//. Okazaki, Japan|
|//Feb 5, 2004//|**//Hokkaido University//** Horizontal shifts of contrast response curves after contrast adaptation in human visual cortex. //Invited seminar//. Sapporo Japan|
|//Jan 4, 2005//|**//Columbia University//** Stimulating the cognitive: Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements. //Invited seminar//. New York, NY|
|//Oct 6, 2005//|**//The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute//** Contrast adaptation and representation in human early visual cortex. //Invited seminar//. San Francisco, CA|
|//Mar 9, 2006//|**//Cosyne 2006 Postconference Workshop//** High spatial resolution imaging to determine the dependence on spatial scale of classifier performance. //Post Conference Workshop//. The Canyons, Utah|
|//Mar 28, 2006//|**//Yale University Magnetic Resonance Research Center//** Contrast adaptation and a functional baseline for BOLD activity in human early visual cortex. //Invited Seminar//. New Haven, CT|
|//Oct 26, 2008//|**//Fall Vision Meeting//** Inferring population responses in human visual cortex with classification analysis. //Invited talk//. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY|
|//May 24, 2010//|**//Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science//** Linking human visual perception to brain activity measured with fMRI. //Invited talk//. Incheon, Korea|
|//Sept 27, 2010//|**//ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories//** Attentional enhancement of perceptual decision making through selection and pooling of early sensory responses in human visual cortex. //Invited talk//. Keihanna Science City, Kyoto|
|//Oct 21, 2010//|**//Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University//** Attentional enhancement via selection and pooling of human visual cortical responses. //Invited talk//. Seoul, Korea|
|//Nov 26, 2010//|**//Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University//** The role of selection and pooling of human visual cortical responses in attentional enhancement. //Invited talk//. Osaka, Japan|
|//Jan 19, 2011//|**//Vision Society of Japan Meeting//** Quantitatively using measured human cortical responses to account for improved contrast discrimination performance with attention. //Invited talk//. Tokyo|
|//Mar 8, 2011//|**//Kyoto University//** Representation of a prior for slow speeds in human visual cortex. //Symposium talk//. International Workshop on Visual Motion Perception and its Brain Mechanism, Kyoto, Japan|
|//June 14, 2011//|**//Nottingham University//** Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. //Invited Talk//. Nottingham, UK|
|//June 15, 2011//|**//Newcastle University//** Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. //Invited Talk//. Newcastle, UK|
|//June 16, 2011//|**//Royal Holloway, University of London//** Attentional enhancement through selection and pooling of visual cortical signals. //Invited Talk//. Egham, Surrey, UK|
|//Dec 2, 2011//|**// 文部科学省 (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)//** 「効率的選択」で脳は注意を向け集中を高める. //Press lecture//. Tokyo, Japan|
|//Feb 1, 2012//|**//Osaka University//** Statistical decision making in understanding human visual perceptual inferences. //Invited Talk//. International Symposium on the Dynamics of Biosystems and Large Scale Information Systems, Osaka, Japan|
|//June 15, 2012//|**//Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University//** Biases in speed perception are encoded in human early visual cortex. //Invited talk//. Expanding Horizon of MRI in Neuroscience: SNU Brain Imaging Center Opening Symposium, Seoul, Korea|
|//Oct 18, 2012//|**//Emory University//** Spatial priors enhance behavioral performance through efficient selection of visual cortical signals. //Invited talk//. Atlanta, GA|
|//Oct 19, 2012//|**//Harvard University//** Human imaging of visual priors. //Symposium talk//. Cambridge, MA|
|//Dec 10, 2012//|**//University of California, Berkeley//** Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. //Invited talk//. Berkeley, CA|
|//Dec 11, 2012//|**//UCSF//** Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. //Invited talk//. San Francisco, CA|
|//Dec 13, 2012//|**//Stanford University//** Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. //Invited talk//. Stanford, CA|
|//Jan 15, 2013//|**//Salk Institute//** Human cortical mechanisms which improve perception with prior information. //Invited talk//. San Diego, CA|
|//Mar 13, 2013//|**//Stanford University//** Efficient selection of visual information. //Colloquium talk//. Stanford, CA|
|//May, 2013//|**//University of Tokyo//** Human cortical mechanisms which improve perception with prior information. //Invited talk//. Tokyo, Japan|
|//July, 2013//|**//Taiwan Mind and Brain Imaging Center, National Cheng-Chi University//** Cortical mechanisms in humans which improve perception with prior information. //Invited symposium and workshop talks//. Taipei, Taiwan|
|//Nov 29, 2013//|**//応用脳科学コンソーシアム, CAN: Consortium for Applied Neuroscience//** 事前情報と視覚. //Invited seminar//. Tokyo, Japan|
|//Jan 17, 2014//|**//応用脳科学コンソーシアム, CAN: Consortium for Applied Neuroscience//** 視覚注意について. //CAN Academy, Invited lecture//. Tokyo, Japan|
|//Mar 9, 2014//|**//Systems Neurobiology Spring School//** Neural mechanisms for perceptual enhancement with spatial attention. //Invited lecture//. Kyoto, Japan|
|//Jun 25, 2014//|**//Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience//** Efficient selection of sensory signals for attention. //Invited lecture//. Santa Barbara, CA|
|//Mar 3, 2015//|**//International Symposium on Neural Mechanisms of Vision and Cognition//** From contrast adaptation to efficient selection. //Invited talk//. CiNet, Osaka, Japan|
|//May 15, 2015//|**//Vision Science Society 15th Annual Meeting//** Linking brain activity to visual attentional behavior considering multiple spatial-scales of measurement. //Symposium talk//. St. Pete Beach, FL|
|//April 28, 2016//|**//Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, Boston University//** Efficient selection of visual information in human visual cortex. //Invited talk//. Boston, MA|
|//June 30, 2017//|**//Qufu Vision Science Conference//** Contrast adaptation in human visual cortex. //Symposium talk//. Qufu, China|
|//July 4, 2017//|**//Tsinghua University//** Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. //Invited talk//. Beijing, China|
|//July 19, 2017//|**//RIKEN Brain Science Institute//** Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. //Symposium talk//. Wako, Japan|
|//July 20, 2017//|**//Japan Neuroscience Society Meeting//** Testing linking hypotheses for human visual perception. //Symposium talk//. Chiba, Japan|
|//Aug 28, 2017//|**//European Conference on Visual Perception//** Asymmetric adaptability of choice history biases in human perceptual decisions. //Unraveling sequential dependencies in perceptual choice, Symposium talk//. Berlin, Germany|
|//Sept 7, 2017//|**//Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour//** Priors and heuristics in human visual perception. //Invited talk//. Nijmegen, Netherlands|
|//Nov 23, 2017//|**//National Yang Ming University//** Inverted encoding models of human population response conflate noise and neural tuning width. //Invited talk//. Taipei, Taiwan|
|//May 4, 2018//|**//BrainHack Global//** Reverse-hacking the brain: Inferring neural coding properties from population measurements. //Invited speaker//. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN|
|//July 17, 2018//|**//CNS*2018 Workshop on Methods of Information Theory in Computational Neuroscience//** Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. //Invited talk//. Allen Institute, Seattle, WA|
|//Aug 17, 2018//|**//2018 IEEE EMBS International Summer School//** Inferring neural coding properties using inverted-encoding models of population response. //Invited speaker//. Beijing, China|
|//Aug 18, 2018//|**//1st Tsinghua Social Neuroscience Symposium//** Sensory inference through heuristic solution. //Invited speaker//. Beijing, China|
|//Aug 19, 2018//|**//Beijing Normal University//** Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. //Invited talk//. Beijing, China|
|//Aug 20, 2018//|**//Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences//** Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. //Invited talk//. Beijing, China|
|//April 19, 2019//|**//From Neural Activity to Behavior: Computation Modeling of the Nervous System Meeting//** Linking models for human systems neuroscience. //Symposium talk//. NIMH, Bethesda, MD|
|//May 17, 2019//|**//Vision Science Society Annual Meeting//** Inverted encoding models reconstruct the model response, not the stimulus. //Symposium talk//. St. Pete Beach, FL|
|//July 4, 2019//|**//Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience//** How to use (and how not to use) inverted encoding models. //Lab session with Tommy Sprague//. Santa Barbara, CA|
|//Aug 2, 2019//|**//Locating Representations in the Brain with Neuroimaging Technologies//** Gauging brain representation by quantitatively linking to behavior. //Workshop Talk//. Stanford University|
|//Sept 25, 2019//|**//Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Seminar//** Optimality and heuristics for human perceptual inference. //Invited Talk//. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|
|//Postponed//|**//Vision Science Society Annual Meeting//** Using neuroimaging to link cortical activity to human visual perception. //Symposium talk//. St. Pete Beach, FL|
|//Cancelled//|**//Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention//** Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. //Flexible Mechanisms for Learning, Memory, and Attention, Symposium co-chair and talk//. Chicago, IL|
|//Postponed//|**//Bangalore Cognition Workshop 2020//** Linking cortical activity to human visual perception. //Workshop talk//. Bangalore, India|
====== Conference Session Organizing ======
|//Mar 4, 2008//|What can functional imaging tell us about population coding in sensory systems?: Bridging computation, single neurons and imaging, Organizers: **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Huk, A. and Schluppeck, D. **//Cosyne Workshops, //**Snowbird, Utah|
|//Mar 3, 2009//|Common computational principals of attention and decision making: can they account for unexpected observations in parietal cortex?, Organizers: Churchland, A. K., Ditterich, J. and **__Gardner, J. L.__** **//Cosyne Workshops, //**Snowbird, Utah|
|//Mar 5, 2013//|Priors in perception, decision-making and physiology, Organizers: **__Gardner, J. L.__** and Nienborg, H. **//Cosyne Workshops, //**Snowbird, Utah|
|//May 15, 2015//|Linking behavior to different measures of cortical activity, Organizers: **__Gardner, J. L.__**, Serences, J. and Pestilli, F. **//Vision Science Society Workshops, //**St. Pete beach, FL|
====== Service to Professional Organizations ======
|//Ad hoc Manuscript Review://|Cerebral Cortex, Vision Research, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Neuron, Neuroimage, Nature Neuroscience, Nature, Journal of Vision, The Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Neurophysiology|
|//Ad hoc Grant Review://|Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Wellcome Trust, Human Frontiers Research Grants|
====== Specialized Training ======
|//1997//|**//NSF Summer Institute in Japan Fellow//**, //Lab of Manabu Tanifuji, //RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan|
|//1998 + 2000//|**//Student and Teaching Assistant//**, //Computational Neuroscience: Vision, //Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY|
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//**Document last updated: April 18, 2020**//
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